Research and Policy Advice | EU Politics and Institutions

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Differentiated integration

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New SIEPS analysis on Enhanced Cooperation

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February 2026 On 18 December 2025, EU24 leaders agreed on a €90 bn loan to Ukraine. This Q&A addresses central aspects of the European Council decision, particularly regarding the immobilised Russian assets, the enhanced cooperation, and the EU as a foreign and security policy actor. Authors: Christian Maurice Bissinger, Valentin Kreilinger and Jakob Lewander

New edited volume “Fit for 35” by SIEPS

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September 2025 Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine has fundamentally transformed the security situation in Europe and brought back EU enlargement on the agenda. In this volume, eight leading experts discuss what it takes to make enlargement work: how to achieve peace, security and stability in Europe by enlarging the EU, and how to link …