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New SIEPS report on EU defence policy: Who calls the shots?

April 2026 The EU and its member states face increasing pressure to take greater responsibility for their own security. However, despite significant developments, the Union’s ability to act remains constrained. A question is thus, ‘who calls the shots’ in European defence? That is the starting point for this volume, where leading experts analyse the governance …

New SIEPS analysis on Article 122 TFEU

December 2025 The EU’s decision to immobilise the assets of the Russian Central Bank was a bold move just days before the European Council on 18–19 December. The measure could signify a decisive juncture for the EU but does not come without risks and legal challenges. Author: Valentin Kreilinger